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Mathematical uses in education of the programming language.
"Powerful ideas in mind-sized bites" Seymour Papert
A to Z | Versions of Logo | Ideas | Animations | Links | Imagine | WinLogo | Logo the Turtle
Logo?
Logo is the term used to describe a range of programs that in various ways provide the user with the means of controlling the movement of an object on the screen (the turtle).
seymour papert
As Seymour Papert (credited as the inventor of logo) described it:
powerful ideas in mind-sized bites.

The controls consist of some simple instructions like:
fd 40,
bk 30,
lt 90,
rt 60


Go to Resources for a list of recommended books on Logo.
fd 40 lt 90

will cause the turtle (actually a little pointer on the screen) to move forty turtle steps forward and then turn 90 degrees to its left.

In most versions of logo there is a host of further instructions besides these, which may include control of colour, use of the mouse and list-processing commands.

Go to Logo animations for more visual explanations or A to Z for an alphabetical description of the basics.



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Versions of logo

The number of versions available for various machines is ever growing. Years ago there were chips for the BBC B micro and cheap cut-down programs, like Dart for example. Now there are many sophisticated versions, particulary for Windows. This is be confusing when you come to buying one as they all offer slightly different facilities. Here's a summary of a few:
Vote for your favourite
RM Logo
Produced by Research Machines, UK for RM computers using Dos. An extensive if old version, including mouse support.
Imagine
Produced by Longman Logotron. This is the newest form of logo available - although to call it merely "logo" is to do it an injustice. See our Imagine page for more details.
PC Logo
A version for Windows published by Terrapin in the USA. Neat display with colour-coding of syntax. Available from the Hertfordshire Maths Centre in Hatfield, Herts, UK
LogoWriter
From the originators of logo in the USA. Combones logo with "metaphor" of exercise book. Versions exist for Dos and Apple Mac.
SuperLogo
A new version for Windows available from Longman Logotron. Aimed at "kids"; many commands can be entered by pressing buttons. Read an article about SuperLogo
MSWLogo
A version for Windows which is available free on the Internet. Go to the Download page for details. Many sophisticated options. Written, amongst others, by Brian Harvey who has written some good books on logo programming.
HoneyLogo
A version for Windows. Turtle can be steered by clicking on icons. Appears to have bugs. A demo disk is available from the publishers, Jonathan Press. Ring +44 (0)1206 212755
Microworlds 2.1
Released by LCSI, this Windows-based logo program includes sound procedures, sprites and painting options. A plug-in is also available.
Web Logo
This is the new breed. Here's a version of logo written in Java and available on the Web only!
Winlogo
Produced by Longman Logotron. No longer promoted by Logotron. See our Winlogo page for more details.

You can also buy add-ons for these programs, usually called "microworlds", which offer a set of extra instructions, normally based around one theme. One such microworld, LogoTile is reviewed.




logo ideas

idea Starting points

The ideas given here are intended as very straightforward staring points. It is assumed that you are using a standard version of logo, with commands such as fd, bk, lt, rt and repeat. You will need to load up your logo program.


Get started.

Shapes.

Creations.

Spirolaterals.

Loops.

Turtles.

3 dimensions

Projects.

More ideas like these can be found in Mathematics through WinLogo.

idea Fractals

Read the Mathsnet article Logo Fractals , which gives some logo procedures for creating fractal images.

idea! Tesselations
Use logo to produce tesselation patterns like the one shown (which comes from MicroMath magazine Autumn 1997)
tesselation

idea A list-processing problem
Many versions of logo include list-processing primitives (butfirst, lastput etc). These procedures can be very powerful - if difficult to understand - but they do extend the usefulness of logo beyond turtle graphics. The following problem is perhaps more to do with computer programming than mathematics:

Write a procedure that will convert a list of lists down to its basic elements. For example, from the list [[a b c d] [e f g] [h] i] we would need to get [a b c d e f g h i].

Here's one solution sent in by a contributor:

TO FLATTEN :LIST
IF EMPTY? :LIST [OP [] ]
IF LIST? FIRST :LIST [OP (SE FLATTEN FIRST :LIST FLATTEN BUTFIRST :LIST)]
OP FIRSTPUT FIRST :LIST FLATTEN BUTFIRST :LIST

As you can see, to understand it you need to do a lot of unravelling.



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